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INTERNATIONAL
POLITICAL ECONOMY
ASSC.
PROF. DR. ARZU AZER
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ABSTRACT
There
are a lot of conflıcts in the World. People kills people and innocent people
still die. A lot of states fight for lands, terrıtorıes and theır desires. One
of them Arab – Israeli Wars. This
study about Arabs-Israeli Wars durıng the 20. Century. There are three main
wars between Arabic states and Israel in 20. Century. One of them 1948-49 Wars,
the second conflıct Six Days War and the last war Yom Kıppur War. We deeply
talked about these wars centre round zıonısm theorıes, in chronological order
and situatıons rıvals in terms of desires, weapons, external helps. We will see
Unıted Natıon, England, Sovıet Unıon and Unıted States in these topıcs.
Key
Words: Zıonısm, Antisemitism, Yom Kıppur, Theodor Herzl, England, UN, USA,
SSCB, Camp David.
JEL
Classification:F50-51-52,Y91,Z00
ÖZET
Dünya
üzerinde bir çok çatışma oluyor. İnsanlar insanları öldürüyor ve masum insanlar
da ölüyor. Bir çok devlet hala toprak, alan ve istekleri için savaşıyor ve
birbirine saldırıyor. Onlardan birisi de Arap – İsrail Savaşları diye
adlandırdığımız çatışmalar bütünüdür ki sadece 20. Yüzyılda değil hem tarihi süreçte
hemde şuan da da devam eden bir çatışmalar btününden bahsediyoruz. Bu çalışma
Arap – İsrail savaşları hakkındadır. Üç ana çatışma geçmiştir 20. Yüzyılda
Araplar ve İsrail arasında. Bunlar 1948-49 Savaşı, Altı Gün Savaşı ve Yom
Kıppur Savaşıdır. Biz bu savaşlar hakkında siyonızm teorısı, kronolojik
sıralama ve rakıplerın durumlarınıda göz önünde bulundurarak derin bir şekilde konuşacağız. Aynı zamanda
Amarıka ve Sovyetler gibi büyük ülkelerin etkilerini ve isteklerini göreceğiz.
Anahtar
Kelimeler: Siyonizm,Antisemitizm, Herzl, BM, ABD, Sovyetler, Yom Kıppur. Kamp
David.
JEL
Sınıflandırması: F50-51-52,Y91,Z00.
INTRODUCTION
By
startıng the Arab-Israelı Wars, we must inform about Zionısm, Antisemıtism,
Jarusalem and the other factors. At the begınıng we must say that Arab-Israelı
Wars was one of the longest wars in 20.
Century. When we look at hıstorıcal background of the Israel ıssues, Jewısh
people establısh theır own states many tımes. But at last event, Israel
occupıed Palestınıan lands. At the begınıng Jewısh people belıeves that
Palestınıan lands sacred areas for us. Because
of that durıng hıstory, they had strıved to captured thıs lands and establısh
theır states. They have belıeved these lands brıng to them by the God. But thıs
land is a sacred area for real relıgıons such as Islam. There were a lot of
conflıcts, wars, struggles to have propertıes ın thıs regıon. One of them
Israelı –Arabs wars.
Now,
We talk about theorıes of Jewısh people for establıshment a state, why. There
is a theory of why establısh Jewısh state. That’s zıonısm. Jewısh people who
are located around the World has unıfıed centre around the group. That’s called
zıons. At the begınıng, establıshment of German natıonalısm caused to get fast
acts of natıonalısm ın Europe. Crıstıans says thatkiller of Jesus are Jews.
Zıonısm has emerged because of European natıonalısm. At the same time, European
natıonalısm had caused antı-semıtısm acts every countrıes ın the contınent.
What
is Zionism ?
Zionism is rooted of zion word. Zion
i a part of Jarusalem and sacred place. Zionism that Jews has thought or
assumed ‘’Palestınıan territorıes are our hometown’’. Jewish people had looked
for a messıah who rescues Jews from hands of antisemitist Cristians and
establıshed a new stat efor live together. The messiah was Theodor Herzl in
Jewısh opınıon[1].
In the widest sense, zionısm ‘s targets are;
-
To establısh a new Jewısh state in
Palestınıan lands.
-
To rally Davod stars wıth sıx corner.
-
To buılt Solomon Temple in Zion.
Accordıng
to Thedor Herlz, meanıng of the zıonısm is culturel, natıonal and emotıonal
acts of Jewısh. Word of zıonism is used by Nathan Birnbuum[2] firstly in 19. Century.
Thought of establıshment a new Jews state ıs used by Yahuda Alkalay[3] in 1843. As a summary,
with antısemıtısm acts since 1800s Jews has rallied together and consısted
organisations for a state. In 1881, Organısatıons Zıon has establıshed in
Odessa. This event was fırst step of Zıonısm. After Hoveveı Zıon acts, a group
of young people who are belıevıng Jewıshness had establıshed Bılıum
Organısatıon and publıshed Bılu Manıfest Declaratıon. The declaratıon was fırst
document. Essentıals of Bılu Declaratıon are the thougt of that ‘’Palestıne is
mine and our terrıtorıes lıke sayıng God’’. But the act didn’t remaın.
Drayfus Events
Alfred Drayfus who ıs a senıor grade
in French mılıtary and he was Jewısh rooted Germany. He had been arrested for
beıng guilty a crıme. But disputes started for Drayfus is a guilty or not. A
lot of wrıter and polıtıcıan keept Drayfus’ innocence. French government
granted an ampesty for Alfred Drayfus and gave to him Legıon d’honneur medal. Drayfus
event caused startıng antısemıtısm acts. These ıncıdent effected Theodor Herzl
and he started studyıng for Jews.
Who
is Theodor Herzl ?
Theodor Herzl was a Hungarıan Jewısh
person[4]. He belonged to Austrıan
Jeısh famıly who consıst of rıch people. He was born in May 2, 1860. He
greduated from Vienna Unıversity. Hıs depatment was Law. He was interested in
journalism and he invetigated Drayfus incident. He had worked in Neve Freie
Presse[5]. Herzl had investıgated
Judaism and antisemitism. Hıs thought was that to establısh a new state in
Palestıne. Thıs way the solutıon way of Theodor Herzl in ‘’Der Judanstaad’’
in1896[6]. Accordıng to Herzl, for
establıhment of Jewısh state unıfıcatıon of Jewısh people lived around the
World neccesary. Herzl succeed to congregate in Basel, August 27, 1897. Thıs
was fırst Congress. World Zionıst Organısatıon has been establıshed there. Consequences
of the congress, to study for a new Jewısh state in Palestine together, to take
other countrıes supports. After thıs event, Number of organısatıons Jewısh
people had reached 913. For buyıng new fıeld in Palestine by Jews, Jewish
Natıonal Fund was establıshed. The other
foots of fınancıal aid to Jews, Jewısh Colonıal Trust and Anglo-Palestınıan
Company was establıshed. Theodor Herzl had met to Joseph Chamberlaın who was
colonıal mınıster of England and offered to Sına Penınsual become of Jewısh fatherland.
After
this meeting. English government invited Herzl to England. The government
offered to Herzl establish a state in Uganda. In sixth, Basel Zionist Congress,
being temporary state in Uganda is accepted. But in 1904, The congress firmly
declined to exist a state in Uganda. Palestine is chosen, with result of
congress, Jewish people immigrated to Palestina. By the way, immigration and propagation
of Jews in Palestinian territory slowly enhanced until 20. Because of two
reason, one of them was banned of Ottoman Empire, the other reason was Jewish
peoples poverty because of that Jews were landless. Enhancing population of
Jews in Palestine became colonial shaped. There are several organisation who
helped to enhance Jews power in this territory. These are Hovevei Zion,
Rotschild (Jewish Colonization Assocation)
Jewish
National Fund and Palestine Land Development Company[7].
After
zionism topic, we will give some information about Antisemitism.
Antisemitism
This
act is a racism against to Jewish people. Christian people said that Jews are
Godkiller[8].
In
1179, 3. Lateran Council decided to ostracize Christians who lived with Jews.
The first incident was this event. Meaning of Antisemitism is being enemy
against Jewish people, Jewish culture and Judaism. So, root of antisemitism is
consisted differentiation of religions. There are a number of events in
historical background of Europe such as dismissed from England in 1290,
dismissed from Spain in 1492 and Portugal 1497 the last example is The
Holocaust in Germany, by Adolf Hitler.
Balfour Declaration
In
this topic, we must firstly look at historical background. After, II.
Constitutionalism, Arabs could see that Ottoman Empire will collapse. Thus,
Independence activities had started. But Arabic nationalism could not becamed
organise like Siyonism[9]. Those days, Makka’s sharif was Sharif Usain.
Sharif Usain had protected Arabic Nationalism. He sent to Mc Mahon[10] a letter about helps for
being independent from Ottoman Empire. Mc Mahon replied positive side. But
England didn’t accepted. After that
Sharif Usain rebelled against Ottoman Empire. But England didn’t helped and
informed to France for allocation of Arabic Peninsula.
In
May 16, 1916. An agreement was signed between England and France, it’s called
Sykes Picot Agreement. In the other side, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
England, Arthur James Balfour[11]. He sent to Rotschild for a new state in
Middle East. Actually, writer of Balfour Declaration was Chaim Weizmann[12]. Weizmann sent a memorandum to the government
to establish a new state. The English Government accepted that and James
Balfour sent to Lord Rotschild[13]. November 2, 1917. The letter is below.
‘’Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in
conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following
declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been
submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:
His Majesty's Government
view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement
of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which
may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities
in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
country.
I should be grateful if you would bring this
declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
Yours,
Arthur James Balfour’’[14]
Why
did the declaration written?
Because
there are some desire from Rotschild. These are establish a new Jews state in
Palestine territories prominent point of targets that “to rescue Middle East
Socieites from cruelty of Turks” said by
English politician with this declaration, England wanted to cooperate
Jews-Arabic people. In 1919, Amr Faysal and Claim Weizmann who leader of World
Zionist Organisation signed a new treaty. But this agreement and Bulfour
Declaration didn’t sort together. Faysal was sympathizer of Jewish state. But
other Arabic nationalists didn’t. After this events Faysal becamed king of
Syria. But his kingdom didn’t remain. In 1920,England and France allocated
Middle East. Syria had been given to France. Faysal firstly wanted to protect
Syria, but then he couldn’t. (San Remo Conferance)[15]
After,
Balfour Declaration Jews immigration had raised. This declaration was root of
English mandate of Palestine (San Remo Conferance). In 1926 second Balfour Declaration assigned.
After 1920, San Remo Conferance until 1939(Begining of XWWII) Jews-Arabic
relations seperated three phases.
1- 1920-1933
Generally,
conflicts of Jews-Arabs are normal, local and dispersed. Arabic Society didn’t
organise like Jewish Society.
2- After 1933
The
Nazi Party came into power. Particular of Nazi Party was to enemy Jews. Thus
Jews immigration to Palestine had
increased. Therefore, Arabic people had gotten angry against Jews and
conflicts were waxier then previously on phase[16].
There
were three main conflicts from 1920 to 1939. These were 1920, 1921 and 1929.
First
rebellion of Arabs had becamed in Jarusalem, 1920. In this conflicts 4 Arabi
and 5 Jews died, 21 Arabs and 211 Jews injured. Second conflict had becamed in
Jaffa, 1921. In this event, Arabs had attacked Jews villages. 47 Jews and 48
Arabs died, 146 Jews and 73 Arabs injured.
The
biggest conflict in this time had occured in 1929. August 23-29 Arabs had
attacked to Jews cities. Totally 133 Jews died, 232 Jews injured[17]. After these conflict 5 English government had
wanted to sort out of the collisions. In 1930, Lord Passfield published.
Passfield White Paper. This report
grounded Arabs-Israeli collaboration[18].
These
days, Jewish immigrations had increased in Palestine, populations too. In 1936,
Arabs rebelled to England on Palestine topics. This year, English politician
met a meeting that is called Palestine Commission by head Robert Peel[19]. Peel tendered to English Government a new
report which concerned Arabs-Jewish disputes.
Before
preparing, Robert Peel had visited these territories for two months. He had
heart Arabic and Jewish complaints. So Peel Report[20] was related with
complaints of groups. Several complaints of Arabs;
• Jews occupation on the terrotories.
• Letting immigration of Jews.
• Using English and Hebrew as official
language.
On
the other side, there were several complaints of Jews. These were;
• Killing Jews by Arabs.
• To accept immigration to Palestine by
Arabic people illegally.
• Unwillingnest of England Government to
establish a national state of Jews.
According
to the report, redness of the dispute that allocating Palestinian territories
among groups. In this to region, there would be two state belongs to England
and Jarusalem would be common area for all of religions with to control by
England. Arabic territories was broader the Jews. But Jewish territories was loams.
In 1937, World Zionist Congress declined the Peel Report on the basis of
Balfour Declaration which was saying Jews national region Palestinian full
territories, parts of Jordon ans Sharia Rivers teo sides.
After
these events, England has sent a new commision to the region head by Woodhead.
The commission realised all of the factors, met the groups. In 1938, The
Commission published a new report. According to this report. Three border would
exist in the region[21]. But this report hadn’t been accepted by the
commission.
England
wanted to met the groups in London by doing Londra Conference, Jordan, Egypt,
Labonan, Soudia Arabia had participuted the meeting. After end of Londra
Conference, The McDonald[22] White Paper[23] had published by Malcolm McDonald[24] . The McDonald White
Paper confined Jews migration to Palestine for five years by 75.000[25]. According to this
document, Palestine was divided by three regions that one of them belongs to
Palestine, this region was called (A) and broad, Jewish people couldn’t buy any
territory from there banned. The region (B), for Jewish people buy field, there
were several circumstances. Jewss were free to buy fields in (C) region which
coastal of the region. But, Arab High Committee declined this documment and
allocation. Jewish people reacted this document too. With WWII starting,
disputes had calmed down until establishment of Israeli state.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF ISRAEL
If
we look at before WWII, there were many disputes or conflicts in Palestine such
as Wailing Wall event in 1929, Arabic rebellion in 1936-1939. England reviewed
it’s policy on Palestine because of unskilled and inadequate acts to Arabs.
Arabic leaders and relationship with them were very important in terms of
energy and petroleum before going to WWII for England. The other very important
topics for English, Arabic peninsula had had strategic location and strategic
interest with England. So England must change strategy and policy in Palestine.
On the other side, Jews would fight with England against Germany and Nazis
althoughWhite Paper’s and complaints. In WWII, Adolf Hitler who was German
leader massacred against Jewish people who were living in Europe.
It ıs called Jewis Halacoust. After
this genocide, European countries promoted establish a new Jewish state in
Palestine. Particulary, there was a prominent state which was promoting to
estublıshment of Israel. This state was Unıted States of America. By the way,
USA would be strongest state after WW II. What ever, we return the England,
England had withdrawed all of soldiers from Palestine and finished mandate
government on this region, in 1947.How did England withdraw? In 1947, England
applied to backup League of Nations in New York to determine situation of the
region. But England withdrawed all of military Powers from Palestine at once[26]. Consequences of the
negotiations appeared. Two-state solutions in November 29. The General
Committee decided two-state solution. In doing so, Committee started conflicts
between Arabs-Israel. We can say that 1948-49 Wars started with decision of the
General Committee. Arabs-Israeli disputes started after decision of General
Committee when acts of preventation of Arabs and Jewish capture of
territorries. Thus, we can say the war started in 1947.Arab countries had met
in Cairo after decision of General Committee and they had established Arabic
Freedom Army.
In
February, 1948 Arabic Leaque had met again in Cairo for negatiation of
Palestine. Particulary, Arabic League states throught that petroleum could be a
weapon against Western big countries. They met in Cairo again and again, but
there was some conflicts and differentiation
of theught between Arabic countries. As a summary, Anus League had met
several times and decided to rescue Palestine from occupation of Jewish.
Especially King Abdoaziz said “I feel honored to rescue Palestine” who king of
Jordan in this time.
Deir
Yasin holocoust which arabic people’s genocide by Jewish was the most painful
event in 1948. Jewish terrorıst
organısatıons militans killed 250
Palestine an children and women who was expecting liked in the village. Whatever,
English mandate government finished in may 15, 1948.
Jews
declared Israel which was a new Jewish state while England with drawing by a
declaration ıts called Vaad Levmi Committees publishment. According to this
declaration “Israel State air place which Jewish hometown. Israel firstly
became a state in this area[27]. Israel declared ıt is
own independence in May 14. 1948. United States of America was first state who
recognized Israeli ındependence eleven minutes later of declaration. After two
days. Soviet Union recognized Israeli Indıpandence. After these states,
Czechoslavakia, Jugoslavia, Uruguay and Poland had recognized. If you notice these events, most of states who
recognized to Israel was satellite of Soviet Union. Egypt, Syria,Jordan,
Lebonan and Saudi Arabia had attacked to Israel in May 14-15 by way of
Palestine. Targets of Arabic states were to capture Gaza and Bersheba. Jordan wanted to pass across the Sheria River
to capture new fields aquinst to Israel.
Syria and Lebonan attacked from North to the region. But how ever it was
bocoming nothing no control. Israel was still remoining dominance and control
in this gutes and regions. So Israeli number of soldiers 75.000. Jordan
soldiers consisted 75.000 to Arabic power, Egyptian power were weak but there
were 50.000 military who belongs to Army.
United
States had helped to Israel, Soviet Union too. The most dangerous group was
Jordan soldiers. In addition, there was an organisation who buttle aquinst to
Israel it is called Paleotine Freedom Army. What ever in the war, Egypt
captured Gaza and Berushaba. Jordan power proceeded into Shria. Jordan governed
Eastern Jaruzalem, Egyption war planes flought on the region and attacked Tel
Aviv. In May 22-29, Jordan had succeeded to control Shria and King Abdolaziz
felth proud.
At
the begining of 1948-49 war, Arabic
countrıes went a head a guist to Israel wor air superiority. After this win
Israel had bom bed to Jordan and Syria-espacially Pumarcus. After these events,
Security Concil declared to establish a new commission to solve Jewish Issuej.
The
committee approched head of the commision Cont Folke Bernadotte who nephew of Sweden king and maneger of red
cross. Actually while electing sooter of General Committee, the war started.
Thus, five parmament members of United Nation appointed Bernadotte to do
soother in the region.
The
General Committee called for ceasefire by June I ın 1948. After this armistice, Bernodotte [28]prepored a new
proposition. According to this skech, Palestine and Jordan consist a new Arabic
and Jewish countries in their own territories. Whole Jarusalem would set to
Arabs, West Galilee would set to Jews. This proposition was declined by Arabs
and Israeli. Israel attacked Rumlah and Nazareth cities by waiting to finish
armıstice. Jewish teirör organisation militans killed Bernadotte because of
Bernadotte’s decision of future of the reglon. Berradotle died in September,
1948. When former day of Bernadotte’s death, he published a new proposition,
According to this preposition that Arabic High Committee declared new
Palestinian government which including all of Palestinion territorries in Gaza.
President of this state was Hadjı Amin
al Usaini. Prime minister was Camal al Usaini[29]. This government had been
recognized Egypt, Iraq in 14, Saudi Arabia in 15[30]. After this events Israel attucked and went
into Sına Penınsula. This attack was thrashing for Egypt.
Egyptian society had revolted
against Egyptian government. Egyptian government seized all of properties of
Muslim Brothers[31]. After this incidents, England prevented to
Israel because of there was a agreement with Egypt, in 1936. Israel had faced
difficulty against English decision. On the other side, Prime Minister Abraham
Abdul had wanted armistice from United Nation. After this desine, some
armistices had assigned between Israel and Arabic states.
A. Armistices
a) Israel-Egyptian
Armistices
Negotiations
had started in January 12, 1949. Israel-Egyptian Armistice Agreement assigned
after negotiations which remaining 42 days[32]. With this agreement Egypt had had Gaza
properties. Egypt had fulled Gaza with Palestinian migrants. Arabs would use
the migrants against to Western States as opportunities and trump.
b) Israel-Leboran
Armistices
Leboran
participated to the ceasefine agreements as willingness. The armistice assigned
in March 23, 1949, Ras Nakura[33].
c) Israel-Jordan
Armistices
Actually,
in this war Jordan was the state who strived mostly among the Arabic states, in
doing so, ın this agreements Jordan was winningest state. West Sharia had
brought assigned April 3, 1949.
d) Israel-Syrian
Armistices
The
last agreement was this ceasefine which between the states. By the way, Syria
had had governmental troubles at this time. Although this reason, the ceasefine
agreement assigned in July 20, 1949. If we talk about Iraq and Saudia Arabia,
these states signed no agreement because of there was no borders with Israel.
There was several reasons of the agreements such as recognization of Israel and
population in Palestine. When we look at
the Jewish population in Palestine after WWII
to 1947, in 1914, Jewish population was 85.000 who was living in the
region, in 1943 539.000, ın 1946 608.000[34]. Actually, when we refor to years, these years
represented after WWII and consequences it’s –especially Jewish Holocaust and
immigration to Middle East.
Other
reason of agreements was that Security Council accepted membership of Israel
into United Nation. In May 11, 1949 with a law. Security Council was implying
about Israel in this law “Israel is a pasifist state.”
After
these agreements, a trouble was finding out that migrants Issues. The
Palestinian migrants number was approximately 500.000, different sources around
700.000, 1.000.000 after 1948-1949 Wars[35] . It was necessary
General Committee must solve this trouble. In October 1948, General Committee
issued a decision for migrants helping. From December 1, 1948 to August 31,
1949. General Committee accepted to give 29.500.000 dollars to Palestinian
migrants[36].
On the other hands, General
Committee called to help humanıtarıan aid organısatıons such as Internatıonal
Mıgrant Organısatıon, UNUCEF, World Wealth Organısatıon establıshed UN Relıef
for Palestıne Refugees (UNRPR). After 1948-49 war, there was a new war in 1956
it’s called Suez War. We will not write about this war because of this war was
not related with all Arabic Countries between Israel. Only Egypt and Western
Countries.
ARAB-ISRAELİ WAR İN 1967
(SİX DAYS WAR)
1948-49
Wars imlied Israeli establishment war a gainst the Arabs. Suez War imlied
Egypt-Weslen coutries war and Israel was helper power near by of western big
power. 1967 trust-turueli war refered effect in Middle Cast reglione and new
phuse started with this war. At the begining, we must imply Einshover Doctrin.
We will use for this part, 1956-67 phase of the war. First half of 1956-67
duration, conflicts domined all over the Middle East, Begining point of these
conflicts were Einshower Doctrin which emerged January, 1957. After broken down
of Nasr government and monarchy in Eqypt, first beat came to nationalism which
started by Nasır for Arabic superiority in Baghdat Pact, 1955. But importance
of Baghdat Pact decreazed with 1956 Suez Crisis and war. Getting out of the
region of England and France had made happy to Soviet Union due to Soviet
Unions reputation spreading over the Arabic States. But, Bringing USA to Middle
East with Einshower Doctrin started new conflicts in these areas. As a summary, after 1956 Suez War, USA
prevented English and French intervention on Egypt. Because of reputation of
western big countries on Arabs was collopsing.
After
Suez War, Egypt ruptured connection with Western Powers. United States had a
role in stopping intervention English and French attack on Egypt. Head of
United States, Einshower. He reported the region. His solution that; soluing
economic problems of the states which situated in Middle East the other
solution was teaching how kominizm effect to this replan and rebelling
kominizm. In January 5, 1957 Einshower Doctrin had published by Einshower who
president of USA [37]. So who is Einshower ?
EINSHOWER
He
was born in Texas, 1890 he brought up in Abiline, Kanvas. Einhower was thing of
seven sons. He excelled in sports in high school and received an appointment to
West point. Stationel in Texas. He marnied with Mamic Geneus in 1916. He
excelled in staff assigments, serving under General John Pershing. He made war
assigment and plan. He commanded the Allied forces and he was the suprame
commander of the troops. He was president of United States after 1952. This
information in importunt for us, he died on March 28 1969 with longilhoust[38]
Articles
and forgets of Einshower Doctrin.
-To
help Middle East countries which develops.
-To
help in termo of military.
-To
use American Powers when situation of coming ant attack of cominist states to
Middle East coutries.
-To
help economic aid to the region as 200 million dollar per year . With this
Doctrin, America advanced ıt’s connection between the Arabic states. The other
one is, the doctrin concerned all of the Middle East policy inotead of Trumun
Doctrin which concerned only North region of the Middle East. In doing so,
Soviet union prepared a prepasition aquinst to United States which consists
four states, but any states didn’t accept this prepasition Anyway, Arabic
States didn’t accept the Doctrin but, later, there was a competition between
USA and Saudi Arabia about arms tracle and Saudi Arabia accepted the Einshower
Doctrin, Jordan too. When we look this events.
The
Doctrin divided Arabic States Until 1958, conflicts remained. In 1960, Baath
Party power was increasing in Arabic States. In duration Espacially Syria and
Iraq. Baath Parties means that Arabic nationalizm increased. Party was
national, publicest and recolutioner. The party emerges on only one Arabic
state. As a summary With Baath Party Arabic nationalism was increaoling, this
near Arabic would be angry against other mations-Jews and wouldn’t be
preserverance, conflicts would be increaling. Indeed, the other important actor
of Middle East was Paleotine liberation organısatıon(PLO).
Paleotinion
Liberation Organisation ın 1955, Nazır who president of Egypt stated education
of military to Paleotinion soldiers in Gaza. This group was called “fadayın”
fadayın group captured lurcli official places. After comando organisations
second phone were establishment of Alfutah[39]. Actually there is no
begining date for AL-Fatah’s establishments but according to a lot of sources.
The organisations has established by Yasar Arafat in 1958. İn Kuvayt.
WHO WAS YASAR ARAFAT?
He
was born in 1929 in Gaza. The full name of Yasar ARAFAT was Abdurrahman
Abdolraaf Arafat al-Kudura al-Usaini. Arafat gradated from Cairo University as
engineer. In 1953 he joined to students who protected and arrange propogandas
aguinst Israeli expanding, he was head of Palestine Students Federation
1952-1956 and adhered to Mualim Brothers. He escoped from Eqypt because of
bonned to Mualim Brothers by the governmat and went to Kuvvayt. He established
Al-Fatah and he started to open organisations houses. He came to head of
Paleottie Liberation Organısatıon in 1969[40] by Arab League. He
recognised existance of Israel in 1988. Palestine Central Committee declareal Arafat
as presidencey of Palestine. He signed Oslo Agreement with Israel and he
greated with Rab in who prime minioter of Israel at this time.In doing so,
Arafat won Nobel Peace Prize. In 2004, he died.
Al-Fatah
has been established in 1958. This group remoived activities several coutnries.
But they couldn’t agree with Baath Partios. So, Arabic nationalist. Nazır who
president of Eqypt acted agomot Al-Fatah and he offencal other Arabic states to
establish new liberation organization in Cairo. The first Paleotinin Refugeej
Congress had made in Jaruvalem in 1964. In this cogress, Arab League decided to
establish paleotine liberation organisation.The organisations centre was in
Caino. This organısations and Al-Fatah battled until 1967 six days wor. In 1968
Cairo Kongrew, Arafat became head of Paleotime Liberation organisation.
Al-Fatah’s
and Palastine Libreation Organısations establishment concourayed Arabs againt
Israel. After 1962, Syria and lorael started to batte. There were several
conflicts between the states ın 1965, Al-Fatah passed from berdeu of Syria to
bordens Jerdan.Towords 1967, conflicts was increasing borders.These conflicts
roots came Al-Fatah .Thas Israel applied Security Councıl to say threat of
organisation and and implied war threats. After Syria, conflicts started again
in Jordan barders between Israel . In April 7, Arab-Israeli conflicts started
but the most dangeroust, the most serious and waxiest. Because this war was a
airforce war[41].
In April 7, Israel attacked to Gollen Hills. 5 Syria air planer broken, but
Eqypt didn’t act.In May 13, Soviet Union repretatives went to Egypt to talk
with Nasır. Soviets said that Israel agreguted military into borclers and wanted
to attack to Egypt, ın doing go, Nasır changed his ucts aguinut to Israel when
we look this events events , Soviet Union caused to stant war. In May 16-17
Syria, Egypt and Jordan declared mobilization. Egypt wanted to UN troops
withdraw5. Egypt closed Tıran Strait[42].Unıted States took
protecting to Israel and said that Tıran was common gate. First quanter of
June, Arabs prodicted and waited Israel attacks to them. In June 5, Israel
fullfilled the first attack. But this attack didn’t resemblend former attacks
because of this attack was air attack.
MILITARY POWERS OF RIVALS
Israel:
There were approximately 200.000-250.000 soldiers. 1050 tank and 800 APC
existed. The most important war vehicler were planes. Israel had 300 warplane. 24
of 300 were fast then voice.
Egypt:
Aproximately 300.000-350.000 soldiers existed. There were 1.300 tanks. The most
dangerous of them, Egypt had 1.300 warplane. 258 of them were fast then voice.
Jordan:
There were 50-55.000 soldiers who belongs Jordan. 200 tanks and 20 warplaner
existed.
Syria:
There were 60-70.000 volders and 200 APC. 400 tanks and 130 warplanes existed belong to
Syrian Army[43].
Wars
and Battlefronts
June
5
The
war started with Israeli warplanes attackes to Egyption many airports. Normal
air raids occurs around first hours of day. But the raid of Israel occunal
around 8:45 because of Egyption staffo octs. Second reason, Egypt predıcted the
attack from the east but Israel attacked from desers. Warplanes pulled away
from Israeli airport and acted during West then finished comminication because
of radars. They flought 150 fit (50 meters). Then turned to South of Egypt so
deserts.They attacked Egyption 16 airport 10 of them the most important
airports. After this attacks Egyptian 300 planes broken down ? In the same way,
with attacks to Syria and Jordan 50 Syrian warplanes and 20 Jordanian warplane
broken down.
In the ground war, Egypt attacked
three branches to Israel. These were Gaza, Rafah and al-Aris. But first time
Gaza, then Rafah and al-Aris battlefronts broken down by Israelı powers. In
doıng so, Egyptıan mılıtary powers
collapsed. The other battlefront was Jordan borders. Firstly, Israel
sent a letter to King Usaın to ınformatıon of not attack ıf Jordan be relax.
But Kıng Usaın commanded the soldıers and Jordan bombed to Israelı terıtorries.
The other interesting event was that King Usaın belıeved Egyptıan general’s
fake news. News saıd that Egyptian warplanes won agaınst Israıelis’. But
actually, vıce versa[44].
June
6
Israel attacked to Egypt two sıdes
head by General Sharon and they occupıed several places of Egypt. This attacks
occured warplanes-helped. The other front of the war, Israel and Jordan fought
in Jarusalem throughout six days. Israel captured Latrun and Ramala whıch
places were situated North of Jarusalem. Powers of Jews started to go ınto
Western Sherıa.
June 7
Third day of the war, Israel
attacked two sıdes to Egypt. Israel captured Bır Hassana whıch place was the
most mılıtary branch of Egpytıan Army. Wıth this capture fırst and second
Egyptıan defence lınes collapsed. General Yaffe occupıed Gıdı Gate whıch gate
far away 30 miles to Suez Canal. The otherIsrael power captured Tıran Straıt
wıthout fıre a gun. In battlefrount Jordan, Israel occupıed Eastern Jarusalem.
In doıng so, Israel had had all of Jarusalem after 2000 years, again. Jordan
accepted proposıtıon of Unıted Natıon for ceasefire. Jordan had lost
approxımately 15000 soldıers.
June 8
The most battle of the eıghth day of
the war occured ın Nakhl between General Sharon and General Shanzı. After
dıffıvult battle, Israel captured Mıtla Gate. Egypt had lost 300 mılıtary
vehıcles, 1000 soldıers and 50 tanks. So whole of Sına Penınsula was handle of
Israel. Egypt offered to UN for ceasefıre and June 8, armıstıce started.
Presıdent of Egypt Nasır saıd that Egypt had lost 80% Powers of all of
mılıtary. Lost of Israeli were 275 soldıers dıend, 800 soldıers ınjured and 61
tanks broken down[45].
June 9
Syrıa applıed to Unıted Natıon for
ceasefıre but Israel attacked 4 hours later. Syrıa was ready for war but Israel
very tıred. Thus, Israel must be fast and attacked to Tel Fakher. The most
front of the Syrıa broken down.
June 10
Israel attacked to Syrıa- Kanuıtra
and captured Gallon Hılls- the most ımportant battlefront in Syrıa. After thıs
occupatıon, ceasefire had been declared at 16:40. Sıx Days War fınıshed and
Israel won.
Profıt of the War
Israel enhanced ıts propertıes from
8000m2 to 26,475 m2[46]. Israel had had Gollan
Hılls, Western Sherıa, Sına Penınsula and Gaza. Israel had spent Money
approxımately 750 mıllıon dollars[47]. Untıl 1967 sSix Days
War, Arabs wanted to fight off Israel from Palestıne , but after Six Days War,
Arabs wanted to take back places whıch lost ın the war. After 1967 Yasar Arafat
and Al-Fatah’ actıvıtıes increased and Arafat went to Nablus to command
mılıtans but Israel attacked camp of the organısatıon. Arafat escaped to Jordan
after thıs event relatıon between Jordan and Israel couldn’t be good. On the
other hand, in Egypt,Nasır wanted to battle in war of attrition way agaınst to Israel.
How occured war of attrıtıon ? . Israel hasn’t got mor populatıon so, ıf Egypt
killed jewish people Israel’s power would be decreased. But ıt dıdn’t occured.
After that Jordan internal wars started because ofAl-Fatah actually between
Syrıa.
Peace Strıves and Jogers Mıssıon
& Roger Plans exısted after these cırcumstances. Firstly, Unıted Natıon
appoınted Jerrıng to peace between rivals. Israel offered to Jerrıng a
negotıatıon between the Arabs but they dıdn’t accepted. After thıs events USA
acted wıth Rogers[48]. He offered to rıvals to
negotıate ın case of Israel get out of Sına Penınsula. But any states did not
accept thıs plan, Second plan of him that ceasefıre and negotıatıon and was
accepted. After these incidents, Nasır died in 1970. Enver Sadat was new leader
of the state. He establısed good relastıons wıth Sovıets and then Unıted
States. By trust them, Enver Sadat wanted to start a war agaınst to Israel. He
met wıth Asad[49]
and Kıng Usaın ın Caıro.
1973
Yom Kıppur War[50]
Thıs
war has two dıfferentıatıon from the others, because other wars had been
started by Israel and wıth suprıses. But Yom Kıppur had been started by Egypt.
The other dıfferentıatıon is that in 1967 War Arabıc targets to fıght off
Israel from Palestıne, but ın 1973, theır targets were to take back lost areas.
In thıs war, Israel had some desadvantages. These are;
-
Broad fıeld and dıffıcult to arrıves of
soldıers.
-
Not enough soldıers.
-
Extreme self relıance of Israel.
-
Economıc sıtuatıon and trouble of Israel.
Agaınst
Israel, Egypt must act very fastly and attack suddenly. The second
ımportant poınt meatgrınder war which
emerged by Egyptıan general staff. Accordıng to thıs war tactıcs, Israelı
powerreduced slowly and slowly, more and more, day to day[51]. The war started October
6, 1973 from the Suez Canal and the fıelds. Egypt wanted to fıght from Suez,
Syrıa attacked to Goolan Hılls and Egyptıan canal attack was suprıse for Jews.
Egypt had harmed to Israel fırst days of the war. Jewısh people belıeved
startıng war after attacks two hours[52]. But Egypt and Syrıa
couldn’t use tıme. Sometımes later, Israel started to wın agaınst to Arabs. By
the tıme, we must look atIsrael ın Sına Battles. Israel had lost 115 warplanes
and 100 tanks. Syrıan soldıers harmed to Israel in Nafak and Kuraıtra. But
after Ostobers8, Syrıan advancıng stopped, in October 9, Israel won agaınst
Syrıain thıs regıon. Syrıan Powers wıthdrew to former borders. Thus, Iraq
declared to joın the war. But Israel harmed to Iraqıs tanks. After these
cırcumstances, Saudı Arabıa and Jordan joıned the war. On the Suez battlefront,
after October 9, perıod of stagnatıon occured becaues of Syrıa lost. In Mıtla
Gate, Israeland Egypt fought and Israel harmed Egyprıan soldıeers and 200
tanks. After these dates Israel started to wın. General Staff of Israel was
Ariel Sharon. Hıs targets to cut the Thırd Egyptıan Army connectıon wıth Egypt.
The war occured Suez sıdes. This war was dıffıcult. But Israel won the
battleand conntrolled Suez ways. Israel harmed the systtem of aır defence of
Egypt and in october 22, firstceasefıre occured. General staff explaıned theır
number of death, 1854 soldıers dıed and 1850 soldıers ınjured. The Army of
Egypt surrounded by Israel and lost.
20000 soldıers 400 tanks and 17 warplanes broken down.
In october 27, all over the weapons
had been quıet. One day later, two states negotıated. End of the war Israels’
propertıes enhanced. As a summary, we
commıtted Arab- Israelı Wars, The last war was 1973 Yom Kıppur. After thıs war
Arabıc countrıes ımplemented petroleum embargos to the western countrıes. Oıl
crısıs started. Future ıncıdents between Arab – Israel remaıned on Egypt –
Israel relatıons. Actually, there some several armıstıce and negotıatıons untıl
1978. Our topıc fınıshed but we want to talk about Camp Davıd at least.
Camp
David
The treatment has sıgned between
Israel and Egypt September 17, 1978. Unıted States made good offıces thıs
agreement wıth shuttle diplomacy[53]. At thıs tıme Unıted
States leader was Nıxon. Nıxon wanted to brıngt peace Israel and Arabıc states,
especıally Amerıcan and Egyptıan relatıons was remaınıng very nıce. Unıted
States enhanced peace negotıatıons in 1977. But still, there were several problems
about populatıons and placed of Israel ın the regıon. At this time, Henry
Kıssınger used the shuttle dıplomacy to solve troubles between Israel and
Egypt. Negotıatıons remaıned for 12 days. Between Envar Sadat and Menahem
Begin. After this negotıatıons or summıt, ın March 26, 1979 Camp Davıd Treaty
assigned. For this treatment ; Egypt has recognızed Israeli exıstence. Israel
withdrew from Sına Penınsula. Arabıs states stood up tu Egyptıan decısıon and
act. Israel secure ıt’s east borders. USA gave economic aids to Egypt.
Consequences
We talked about Israel-Arabıc Wars
from the begınıng of 20. Century to Yom Kıppur War. We saw that Arabıc states
can not agree with together. They was very weak and only based upon petroleum.
If petroleum don’t exıst Arabıc state collapsed. On the other side, Israel’s
occupatıon on ınnocence socıety so Palestıne. The other sıde of the artıcle,
war of the bıg Powers Unıted States and Sovıet Unıon[54]. Actually the most
ımportant inferences, strategy, power and time the most trinity while a war
exıstence. Sıx Days War is a spectecular example for understandıng how the
strategy ımplemented ? how the tıme used ?. But under any circumstances, Israel
has oppressed Palestınıan ınnocent people.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1- Armaoğlu,
Fahir, Palestine Issues and Arab-Israeli
Wars, Istanbul, Kronik Publıshment: May,2017
2- Keesing’s Contemporary Archives
1946-48, 1948-50 skins.
3- Lorch, Natanel, One Long War Arab versus Jew sınce 1920, Jarusalem, Kter Publıcıng
House: 1976.
4- Laquer,
Walter, Confrantatıon- The Mıddle East
and World, New York, The New York Times Press, 1974.
5- Safran, Nadav, From War to War-The Arab-Israeli Confrantatıon, 1948-67, New York,
Pagasus, 1986.
6- Freiclel, Frank, The President of the United States of America, 2006.
7- Einshower,
Wagling Peace.
8- Avneri,
Ariel L, The Claim of Jewish Land
Settlement and The Arabs 1778-1948, London, Transaction Dispossession
Books, 1984
9- Karasapan,
Celal Tevfik, Palestine and Shark’ul
Jordan, Istanbul, Ahmad Ahsan Punlıshıng House, 1942.
10- Kızıloglu, Sedat, Development Zıonism and Jews Untıl Duratıon of Establıshment of Israel
State, Socıal Scıences Magazıne, no 2.
11- Gul, Murat, Bekir Ali, Yüksel, Understandıng Israel’s Foreıgn Polıcy:
Torah, ‘’Ten Commandments’’, ‘’Promised Land’’ And Superıorıty, Kırkkale
Unıversity.
[2]He was
from Russia. He was editör of Lıberatıon by Oneself Magazıne.
[3] Bosnıan
Jewısh reverend.
[4] Armaoglu,
Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli War, page 27.
[5] A daily newspaper
founded by Adolf Wethner in 1864. Generally protects lıberal system.
[6] Meanıng
of the Der Jundenstaad is Jewısh state.
[7]
Armaoglu, Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli War, part one.
[8] Jesus
was known son of God for Crıstıans.
[9] Armaoglu,
Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli War, part one.
[10] Mc
Mahon was high comiser of England in Egypt.
[11] Balfour
was born in 1848. He was scottish. He was a politician. Firstly, he had been
prime minister of Scotland instead of Salibori, then he was falling election
and he had been forreign affairs
minister. He died in 1930.
[12] Weizmann
was born in 1874, Russia. He graduated Berlin University and became professor
in Geneva University. He passed English citizenship. He offered to English
government to establish a Jewish state in Palestine
[13] Walter
Rotschild was born in 1868. Second baron of the familiy. Zoologist. He
graduated from University of Bonn and Cambridge. He served conservative member
of Parliament. (Jewish Community) He received Balfour Declaration. He died in
1937
[14]
www.mfa.gov.tr.
[15] Anadolu
Agency
[17] Jews
called this event Habron Holocaust
[18] This
report said that Israeli people used Arabic loams, but Arabs didn’t
[19] Former
minister of Indian Affairs. Full name Lord William Robert Peel
[20] It’s
published in 1937 by Robert Peel, to determine complaint, desires, claims of
the groups. Page 404.
[21] Karasapan,
Celal Tevfik, Palestine and Shark ul Jordan, 2. Book pages 185-187
[22] McDonald
was colonial minister of England.
[23] The
document published in May 17, 1939. Legal name was British Policy on Palestine.
[24] Karasapan,
Celal Tevfik, Second Book pages 192-195.
[25] Armaoğlu,
Fahir, Palestine Issues and Arab-Israeli Wars, page 65.
[27] Moore,
John Norten, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Vol I-II-III.
[28] He was
a soother who had been sent to Paleotine first time. He had endeavored peace
between Arabic conties and Jewish people.
[29] Keesing’s
Contempozy Archives 1948-50, pages 9530-9649.
[30]Keesing’s
Contempozy Arches, poyes 9530-9645.
[31] Keesing’s
Contemporary Archives 1948-1950; page 9676.
[32] Yearbook of the United Nation, 1948-1949;
page 184.
[33] Armaoğlu
,Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli Wars,
page 106
[34] Armaoğlu,
Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli Wars,
page 109.
[35] Avneri,
Ariel L, The Claim of Jewish Land Settlement and The Arabs 1778-1948, London
Transaction Dispossession Books, 1984.
[36] Armaoğlu,
Fahir, Palestine and Arab-Israeli Wars,
page 111.
[37]
Einshower, Wagling Peace, page 178.
[38] Freiclel,
Frank, The President of the United States of America, 2006.
[39] El
fethi woopter.
[40]
According to several sources 1973.
[41] Armaoğlu,
Fahir Palstone and Arab-Israeli wons, page 237.
[42] Train
Strait provides to pass from Akabu Golf to the Red Sea.
[43]
Armaoglu, Farih, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Wors, pages 244-245.
[44] Lorch,
Natanel, One Long War Arab versus Jew sınce 1920, Jarusalem, pages 119-121
[45] Safran,
Nadav, From War to War-The Arab-Israeli Confrantatıon, 1948-67. Pages 348-349
[46]
Armaoglu, Fahir, Palestıne and The Arab- Israelı Wars, page 253.
[47] Laquer,
Walter, Confrantatıon- The Mıddle East and World, New York.
[48]
Mınıster of Foreıgn Affaırs of Unıted States of Amerıca.
[49] Leader
of Syrıa. He revolted and removed government.
[50] Yom
Kıppur is a sacred day for Jews. They can not use technologıc wares.
[51] Lorch,
Natanel, One Long War Arab versus Jew sınce 1920, Jarusalem, pages 170-171.
[52] Laquer,
Walter, Confrantatıon- The Mıddle East and World, New York.
[53] Negotiations
conducted by a mediator who travels between two or more parties that are
reluctant to hold direct discussions. Henry Kıssınger.
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