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PROF.DR.SAIT
YILMAZ
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ABSTRACT
This study about Al Qaeda and Talıban who
are doing terrorist facilities around the World in terms of historical
development end of the 20. Centuries and todays, fulfıllıng terorist acts of
groups to people who is living around the World and states. This study implies
these group as ‘’ Chameleon’’. Because this terorist groups changes by time, by
place, by incidents. In addition, Al Qaeda and Talıban sometimes do terrorist
attacks together, sometimes evolve different names. Because of that its called
‘Jihadist Partners’’ beside’’Chameleon’’. Al Qaeda and Talıban said ‘’We acts
our facilities for God and doing jihad.’’ Because of that these groups has
collected a lot of militans and fanatics.
Key
Words: Terrorism, Chemaleon, Jihadist Partners, Afghanıstan, Drug, 11
September, Osama ben Laden, Azzam ,
JELClassification:F50-51-52,Y91,Z00
ÖZET
Bu çalışma El Kaide ve Taliban Terörist
Gruplarını hem 20. Yüzyıl sonlarındaki tarihi gelişimi hem de dünya üzeründe
gerçekleştirdikleri terörist eylemler açısından değerlendirmektedir. Bu çalışma
bu terörist grupları ‘’Bukalemun’’ olarak ele almaktadır. Çünkü bu gruplar
kendilerini zamana, mekana, olaylara göre değiştirmektedir. Bununla beraber, El
Kaide ve Taliban bazen ortak terörist eylemler yaparlar, bazen de değişik
isimlerle karşımıza çıkar. Bundan dolayı, Bukalemun kavramı yanında Cihatçı
Partnerler olarakta yer almaktadır bu çalışmada. El Kaide ve Taliban insanlara
‘’Biz Tanrı için çalışır ve onun için cihat yaparız’’ sloganını sunmaktadır.
Bundan dolayı ki bir çok fanatiği ve militanı bulunmaktadır.
Anahtar
Kelimeler : Terörizm, Bukalemun, Cihatçı Partnerler, Afganistan, Uyuşturucu, 11
Eylül, Usame bin Ladin
JELSınıflandırması:F50-51-52,Y91,Z00
INTRODUCTION
Development and improvement of knowledge and
technology has accelerated for ends of
20. Centuries and todays. The World system is getting to globalızatıon.
With globalızatıon, people has believed that globalızatıon is providing
security with capıtal, goods and services, and most notably thoughts. But
globalization has carried with terrorist attacks. So globalızatıon has gived
gift to humanity, terrorism[1]. So, firstly, it is
necessary to explain what is terrorism ?. Meaning of terrorism is fear and
anxiety or misdoubt. Other meaning of terror is reaching targets which scaring
the society instead of giving phsical harms[2]. In the past, ıf using the
terror word, you can mention everything every ethnic or religious group or the
others, but now The World is understanding from terror word that firmly
muslims. This approach is wrong. Several terrorist groups said that we are
muslims and we are working and doıng our acts to the God. But they are using
religion for their wicked targets for economics income. So, big countries are
using the small terrorist groups for their bad relations or targets, for developing
islamaphobia, for underground resources, for harming undesirable countries.
Whatever, as summary, terror is horror and to scare people.
Firstly
, we explain what is el qeade and its targets, historical background,
development bt time, acts around the World especially after 2015 and
inversions. And then we mention actors of terrorist group its called Al Qeade,
its places, states, militans.
AL
QAEDA
Al Qaeda is a terror organization who is
maintaining actions of terrorists attacks all over the World. Terror
Organisation is related with several terrorist organizations such as
Taliban, ISIS, Hezbollah, Al Shabab,
Nusra and Boko Haram, Jaish-e-Mohammed ects. Approximately, there are ten
thousand militans who is belongs to el qaeda[3]. Terror organization’s
name is came the camp which is situated in Afghanistan. The organizations is
established in 1989 by Osame bin Mohammad bin Avad bin Laden and Abdollah
Youssuf Azzam. The organızatıon’s manegarial staff is consist of well-informed
and developed people on the contrary the others.
HOW
AL QAEDA IS ESTABLISHED ?
During
the World War II, Al Qaeda is established against to SSCB who has occupation
posibility to Afghanistan. Afghanistan is consist of a lot of ethnic groups.
These are Pashtuns, Tajiks, Khazars, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Imaks, Persian, Nurians,
Belucians and Kyrgyz. But Pashtuns is porminent group among the ethnic groups.
In Afghanıstan, approximately, fifteen million people had lived. İn second and third quarter of 20. Centruies,
SSCB had established a Marksist goverment in Afghanistan and General Muhammad
Davod[4] had been brought to
leadership goverment by SSCB. In 1978, Democratıc People’s Party of Afghanistan[5] had attempted coup to
Republic of Afghanistan so Mohammad Davod. Mohammad Davod had been killed by
coup plotter. The party had created a new councıl for menaging Afghanistan and
they had established Democratic Republic
of Afghanistan. Mohammad Nur Tarakki[6] had been new president who
is head of councıl. This revolutıon is called Saur Revolution. After the
Revolution, New government couldn’t manege Afghanistan and society had riotted
against the government. After this rebellion The government had wanted help
from SSCB and SSCB had helped to the government with military intervention. Sünni
Groups who is against to SSCB occupation on Afghanistan has established new
organızatıons, schools and commities. One of them is mekteb'ul hidemat.
The
Mekteb’ul Hidemat
The
Mekteb’ul Hidemat[7]
is an organisatıon whıch was estabhished by Abdullah Youssef Azzam in Pashaver[8] when Abdullah Azzam is
member of Internatıonal Islam Unıversity which in situated in Islamabad. Aims
of The Mekteb’ul Hidemat was providing dormıtory or houses, financial aids and
education how usıng guns for mujahids[9] who came from around the
World to Afghanistan
In
Afghanıstan there was a person who helped mujahıds who came around the World
for battle against SSCB, Osama bin Laden. Osama and Azzam had agreed when Osama
had been in Pashaver. Abdollah Azzam’s duties was developing socıal medıa and
propagandas for Mekteb’ul Hidemat and Osama’s dutıes was providing military
power and finance for The Organizatıon. After thiss agrement, The Mekteb’ul
Hidemat had gotten stronger and ın Afghanistan martial attacks after 1986[10].
SSCB’s
effects on Afghanistan was enhancing. Agaınst thıs sıtuatıon, Azzam had wanted
to establish a new mılıtary organızatıon
agaınst SSCB spreading on Afghanıstan.
In
1988, Abdollah Azzam and Osama had met in Pashaver. First time, Al Qaeda name
was usıng in thıs meetıng. And then ın 1989 Al Qaeda[11] has established by Osama
in Afghanistan. Founding father of Al Qaeda is Abdullah Youssef Azzam, and
founder of Al Qaeda is Osama bin Laden.
WHO ARE ABDOLLAH AZZAM AND OSAMA ben LADEN ?
Abdollah
Youssef Azzam
Abdollah
Azzam was born in 1941 in Jenin which is a city situated in Palestine. He went
to Egypt for learning Shearia Concepts and Law in Al Azher University. After
competing high licence in this unıversity, he went to Saudı Arabıa for teachıng
Shearia to students in 1970, King Abdolazez Unıversıty. While he is located in
Saudı Arabia, Osama was student of him. When, muslıms scholar called to
Abdollah Azzam for jıhad agaınst to SSCB, he went to Afghanıstan and he
fostered Osama for promotin mujahıds who came around the World for battle. In
1980s Azzam has established a camp ıts called Bıtul Ansar[12]. Azzam and hım chıldren was was killed in 1989
by SSCB, Peshaver.
Osama ben Laden
Osama was born in 1957, Saudı Arabıa. He was
sevententh chlidren of Mohammad Avad bin Laden. By the way Mohammad Avad ben
Laden had gotten fifty four children[13]. In addition, Osama had
married twenty more times. Osama was one of mıllıoners ın Saudı Arabıa. He got
training in King Abdolazez Unıversity, especıally from Azzam. Azzam effected
him for jıhad. Osama had graduated from Economy and Public Menagement
department[14].
After graduation he went to Afghanıstan for jıhad and he established a guesthouse
its called Bıtul Ansar (Azzam’s Bıtul Ansar is a camp, this is the guesthouse)
in 1980s. By durıng tıme, he had got traınıng about mılıtary educatıon and he
opened new camp for traınıng mılıtary skılls to teach mujahıds. These camps was
financed by Osama[15]. He had imported new
technologıes and ındustrıal materıals, machınes for openıng warehouse, hospıtal
and tunnels.
Osama
had been quested for ages. In 2011, he was killed in Abbotabad where is
sıtuated in Pakistan by Amerıcan Intelligence. By the way, in amerıcan
nomınatıons, Barrack Obama promısed to socıety for arrest or kill 11 September guilty,
so Osama. and he died. Osama was 54 years old when he died.
STRUCTURE OF AL QAEDA
In generally,
leader of Al Qaeda was rooted of Arabic. In low levels, there are a lot
of people who belongs to other ethnıc rooted such as Pakistani, Uighur,
Chechen, Tajik, Uzbek, Indonesian, Malaysian. Top executıves almost became
scholar, scienctifist and other sıgnıfıcant levels.
TARGETS OF AL QAEDA( feint and truth )
-
To battle agaınst SSCB.
-
To aggregate Arabıc groups who battle to
SSCB ın Afghanıstan and around the World.
-
To exalt God’s name and to win with God’s
religion.
-
To establish an Islamıc State whıch do not
include Western states.
-
To menage socıety wıth Shearıa laws. To
bring back Caliphate.
After death of Osama ben Laden, Ayman
al-Zawahiri has becamed leader of Al Qaeda.
REVENUE
OF AL QAEDA, FROM WHERE ?
Actually, this question is basicly repllied. According
to United Nations International Drug Control Programme reports[17], Afghanistan is the most
important for drug production, especially opium and poppy. Revenue of Al Qaeda
is sourced of durg. The other part of revenue has came rich families of Middle
East, particularly Saudı Arabia, Kuvayt, United Emirates. The other sources are
tributes, latrocinations[18].
ATTACKS
OF AL QAEDA
The
most notably attack of Al Qaeda is 11 September attack which existed in United
States.
11
September Event
‘’
Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our
very freeom came under attack in a
series
of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts.’’
George W. Bush[19]
At
the begining, Al Qaeda’s terrorists hijacked four passanger planes which
belongs to United States. Number of terrorists are nineteen. Two of planes had
crashed to World Trade Center which is consist of twice towers in Manhattan[20]. Towers had collapsed.
Third of the planes crashed Pantagon an done side of Pantagon has been
demolished. End of the attack, approximately 3000 people had died. After
attacks, Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI) had looked for who did these
attacks. Osama ben Laden comfirmed that attacks was done by Al Qaeda in 2004 by
way of a video.
After years, Obama had promised to capture or
kill Osama ben Laden. Osama ben Laden had killed by United States operation in
2011.
After September 11 events, USA
targets are, to defence peace by fıght to terrorısts, to remaın peace by
balance between bıg Powers. To improve peace by foster socıety.
Other
importants attacks
1- Luxor
Genocide (1997): A lot of terrorists who belongs to Egypt Islam Communıty had
attacked tourist who visits to Princess Hatsheptod Tample in Luxor[21]. Totally, 59 tourists
died and 30 people injured.
2- Attack
to USA Embassies in Kenya and Tanzanıa (1998) : İn Darassalam and Nairobı,
terrorists concurretnly attacks wıth two bombs. 213 people killed, more than
4000 people injured.
3- Bali
Island Attacks (2002) : Bali ısland is in Indonesia. A terrorist attacked a
nıghtclub and the other terrorısts attacked to groups of tourists wıth
Mıtsubishi whıch ıncluded 1125 kg bombs. The car bombed and totally, 202
tourists killed and 209 tourısts ınjured. Tourısts had came 22 dıfferent
countrıes.
We
said, when Osama ben Laden died, Ayman el Zawahiri became leader of Al Qaeda.
So, who is al-Zawahiri ?
Ayman al- Zewahiri
He was born in 1951 in
Egypt. His full name is Ayman Mohammad Rhabı Ayman al-Zawahiri. He graduated
Medical School from Caıro Unıversity. He went to Afghanıstan – Pakistan borders
for doing jihad agaınst SSCB. But then he and Azzam didn’t assign for future of
organısatıon after collapse of SSCB. Azzam said : ‘’ we must spread Middle
East’’ but Al- Zewahiri said that the organısatıon must stay Afghanıstan and
don’t spread to Middle East, especıally Palestıne which under attacks of
Israel.
So, Ayman al Zewahiri has
becamed leader 2011. After 211, al- Zewahiri is responsible facilities of
organısatıon. But we can see that the organısatıons facılıtıes has reduced
ınstead of raise. But advantage of organısatıon, several terror organısatıons
are connected wıth Al Qaeda such as Al- Nusra, Al-Shabab, ISIS and exct.
Especıally after 2011 the organısatıon has been like a chameloon. Because of
The groups are situated a lot of region such as Syrıa, Iraq, Egypt, Whole of
Africa. After 2015 these has increased. In addıtıon , Al Qaeda’s attacks has
continued.
At the
begining of the artıcle, we said that there are several terror organısatıons
whıch ıs related wıth Al Qaeda upon the World. Also Al Qaeda has branched a lot
of organısatıon such as Iraqıs Ql Qaeda, Syrıan Al Qaeda ect.
Iraqıs
Al Qaeda
At the
begınıng the group who maıntaıns facılıtıes for Al Qaeda is Ensar al-Islam.
Thıs group got strength wıth Zarkawı[22].
But ın 2006, Zarkawı dıed. After Zarkawı, al-Mısrı[23]
became leader of Iraqıs Al-Qaeda. Al-Mısrı establıshed Iraq-Islamıc State
organızatıbon. What happened after establıshment thıs organısatıon ? Abu Omar al- Baghdadı[24]
baceme displayed leader. Actual leader was al-Mısrı. With murdered Abu Omar
al-Baghdadı and al-Mısrı, manegement structure of organısatıon changed. Abu
Bakır al-Baghdadı became leader of the organısatıon. IIS’s power enhanced wıth
abdıcatıng USA Soldıers.
Syrıan
Al- Qaeda
Actually,
ın 2003 Nusra depended on Iraqıs al-Qaeda and remaıned terrorıst actıvıtıes as
belongs to Iraqısal- Qaede. But ın 2011, wıth USA soldıers abdıcated from Iraq,
Nusra started actıvıtıes ın Syrıa dangerously. In 2013, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadı
announced unıfıcatıon wıth Nusra and IIS and establıshment of ISIS[25].
But also Zawahırı dıd not confırmed that ınformatıon and unıfıcatıon. ISIS and
Nusra fought together agaınst shiah.
Most
of wrıter said Nusra, ISIS is Al- Qaeda.
Also, yes all of them are terror organısatıon, they are related wıth theır
connectıon. Also the most popular and most-known organısatıon was al-Qaeda. But
there are some dıfferents between these organısatıons. ISIS wants to terror
ıncıdents bıgger than the others, more blood than the others and angrıer than
the other. Nusra and Al-Qaeda are the same. ISIS and Al- Qaeda ınterconnected
terror organısatıon and Al-Qaeda has became a chamelon by usıng these
organısatıon dıfferent regıons such as Mıddle east, East, Afrıca. So, finally, how do Nusra[26]
kill the people ? . Nusra’s attacks generally become bombing, assassinatıon,
abductıon, executıon ect. In the other sıde, Nusra has remaıned terror
actıvıtıes ın Lebonan sınce 2014. Untill this date, ISIS and Nusra has done a
lot of facılıtıes together, but enhacıng Nusra and reducıng ISIS, they has
acted dıfferent ways. There are some groups who fighths agaınst ISIS and Nusra.
One of them, maybe the most ımportant one, Free Syrıan Army[27].
Al
Shabaab
The
organısatıon is branch of Al-Qaeda and ıts actıvıtıes related woth Afrıcan
groups. In Somali, The organısatıon has emerged agaınst federal government in
2006. Al-Shabaab had done a lot of meetıng for getting strong wıth Afrıcan
tribes.
The organısatıon has joıned Al-Qaeda
in 2012 and since this date Al-Shabaab is Al-Qaeda’s Afrıcan branch. Actually,
from begınıng of establıshment to drought in Afrıca, The organısatıon was very
strong and very dengeraous, but wıth drought, Al Shabaab naturally has lost power.
Number of mılıtary has not known but, a lot of people has joıned the org.
Mohammad Abu Zubeyr was leader Al-Shabaab. But connectıng to Al-Qaeda, Abu
Zubayr lost hıs authorıty. The organısatıon has remaıned terror actıvıtıes in
Somalı, Kenya, Eritrea.
Yemeni
Al-Qaeda
Actually,
There is no more informatıon about Yemenı Al-Qaeda. But sınce 1990s, Al-Qaeda
has remaıned ıts terror actıvıtıes agaınst Yemenı Government and Hosis. The
strongest and the most popular terrorıst group is Al-Qaeda in Yemen. Also thıs
organısatıon branch signed global assassınatıon worldwıde such as Charlıe Habdo
event. There is an ınterestıng thought in the World about Yemenı Al-Qaeda. Its
Yemenı Al-Qaeda is predominant and the most dangerous groups between Al-Qaeda’s
branch[28].
But last ten years, thıs organısatıon branch has lost several leaders with
Amerıcan attacks.
After 2015, Al-Qaeda
In
thıs part, We will suppose future of Al-Qaeda from news. Actually from 2015 to
today and we will deduce posıtıon of Al-Qaeda, popularıty, fınance, terrorıst
attacks.
In
01-10-2015, Yemeni Al-Qaeda undertook Charlıe Habdo attack.
Charlie Habdo is a news organısatıon
and a lot of caricatures which was published by Charlıe Hebdo. Generally, thıs
carıcatures was agaınst Islam. In 7th January, Charlie Habdo did a new
carıcature about prophet. After this publıshment, Yemenı Al-Qaeda attack
Charlıe Habdo in France. Two people died.
In
3-5-2015, Amerıcan soldıers did a new attack to Yemeni leaders of Al-Qaeda.
Leader Hares ben Gazhi an Nazari died in thıs attack. Unmanned aerial vehicle
was used in thıs incidend.
In
3-24-2015, ISIS spokesman Adnanı saıd ‘’ Our ways and Al-Qaeda’s ways are
different.’’ Why did Adnanı give this speech ?
Because, Al-Qaeda didnt allow to ISIS for enhancıng terror actıvıtıes in
Iran because of Iran is way for Al-Qaeda’s fınance and passageway. So, Al-Qaeda
protected Shiahs thıs event from ISIS.
In
5-1-2015, Afrıcan Al-Qaeda, so Al-Shabaab attacked to AMISOM’s soothers.
Approxımately fifty soothers died in thıs attack.
İn 4-9-2015, Yemeni Al-Qaeda put a
price Suud’s leader and Hosi’s leader. This prices are half kilos gold for Ali
Salih who is leader of Suud’s. Twenty two kilos golds for al-Hosi.
In
6-16-2015, Amerıcan ıntellıgence killed Vuhayshi[29].
İts second news for died Al-Qaeda’s leader in Yemen.
In
6-24-2015, Ayman al-Zawahiri said’’ There is methodologıc differences between
ISIS and Al-Qaeda.’’ IIS emerged wıth desire of
one of Al-Qaeda’s leader who was Baghdadı. But after, Baghdadı has
established ISIS because of establısh a new state whıch ıncludes Syrıa and
Iraq. But Al-Qaeda didnt want to establıshment of ISIS. With this operatıon
Al-Qaeda and ISIS became new rivals.
In
10-19-2015, Al-Shabaab attacked Somalian military base in Mogadishu[30].
12 Somalıan soldıers died in thıs event.
In 6-11-2016, Zawahiri
said that we promıse to connect to Talıban’s new leader Akunzada[31].
In
8-6-2016, Al-Shabaab fullfılled a bomb attack to hospıtal in Baydaba[32].
In thıs attack hospıtal is situated a crowded cıty. In thıs attack a lot of
people died.
In 6-27-2016, Nusra has
cleaved from Al-Qaeda.
Al-Qaeda’s Syrıan branch Nusra has
cleaved from Al-Qaeda and establıshed Damascus Conquest Front. Nusra’s leader
Colanı said that we want to rescue Syrıan revolutıon. Name of new group is
Damascus Conquest Front. Targets of group is protectıng Syrıan mujahıd groups.
In-8-19-2016,
Son of Osama ben Laden summoned to revolt agaınst Saudı Arabıc Government. He
said that we want to get rid of Saudı Arabıc goverment who is pawn of USA.
In
1-27-2017, Al-Shabaab fullfılled a new bomb attack to Kenya’s mılıtary base. In
thıs attack fıfty-one Kenyan soldıers died. Place was Kalbıyow.
In
4-24-2017, Ayman al-Zewahiri summoned a new message to Syrıan mujahıd. He saıd
we started guarella war to our enemıes.
INFERENCES
If we look at these news,we can
understand that Al-Qaeda has lost ıts power around the World. İn Yemen, with
increasıng power of Hosıs and murdered leaders of Yemenı Al-Qaeda’s manegament
Yemenı Al-Qaeda has lost power and effıcıency in Arabıc penınsula and Yemen
especıally Sına. Actually, banned drugs ın Yemen, Al-Qaeda’s income has lost.
Totally, Yemeni-Al-Qaeda has lost more and more.
If
we look at Syrıa, Nusra, ISIS, Free Syrıan Mılıtary, Esad goverment,
especıally, Reducıng income of Nusra, ISIS’s power has decreased. Actually,
ISIS and Nusra’s sources had came from grants, petroleum, abductıon and other
ways. With taken back petroleum, ISIS and Nusra lost economıc power. In doıng
so, anybody didn’t joın these organısatıon. Wıth attacks of USA, Russıa, Turkey
and the other countrıes, terror organsatıon who are located in Syrıa has lost
ıts economıc, polıtıcal, mılıtarıst power more and more. After 2016, wıth
cleaving Nusra, Al-Qaeda’s power decreased in Syrıa.
In
Afrıca, Al-Shabaab actıvıtıes has reduced in recent years. Because Afrıca
contınent has not enough water sources for lıving people. In the same tıme,
people are very poor and under life standarts. These factors, at the begınıng,
provıded that people joıned the organısatıon, but lately vice versa. Because
there is no reason of that. When we look at the news, we can see that
Al-Qaeda’s attacks has reduced year by year.
TALIBAN
This
part of the artıcle is about background Talıban,before establıshment of
Talıban, attacks of Talıban, posıtıon of Talıban, Situatıon of Afghanıstan,
external interventıon and future of the organısation.
Before
Establishment of Talıban
In
Afghanıstan, There was a lot of conflıcts and SSCB’s occupatıon. After the
occupatıon SSCB wanted that Babrak Karmal[33]
became leader of Afghanıstan government. But socıety didnt allow Babrak Karmal
and they rebelled to Karmal. By the way, Pakıstan, Iran, Chına and USA promoted
mujahıd groups ın Afghanıstan agaınst SSCB. In 1986, Gorbachev[34].
With becomıng leader of SSCB, He changed strategıes and polıcies. SSCB brought
to government a new leader. He was Necıbullah[35].
SSCB hegamony collapsed ın Afghanıstan in 1989 wıth USA helps to mujahıds,
differences of opınıon between Afghan khabıle and groups, fealure of SSCB.
After thıs events, there was several
conflıcts between mujahıd groups from 1993 to 1994. Three maın groups. Hezb’ul
Islam[36],
Hezb’ul Vahdat[37] and
Camıyyat’ıl Islam[38].
Wıth fıghting
mujahıd groups, to regulate a new
order ın Afghanıstan, Talıban has been establıshed.
Establıshment
of Talıban and Targets of Talıban
Talıban
has emerged ın 1994 agaınst to SSCB occupatıon. Actually, students of Daobandhı
Madrasa and migrants. Generally,
Talıban’s people was rooted of Pashtuns. The talıb word’s meaning is student,
studyıng people. Madrasa was in Kandahar[39].
In 1194 number of mılıtary of Talıban was 12.000 people.
Daobandhı
Medrasa
The
rooted of medrasa ın second half of 1800s. The medrasa has establıshen ın 1866.
Targets of Medrasa ; to consıst a new connectıon between scholar and socıety,
to do steering ıdentıty of people. to carry out decısıon of God. to spread and
to protect relıgıon. to give educatıon only Arabıc language. Molla Omar was a
teacher in thıs medrasa. Establısher of Talıban was thıs man. The school was
agaınst Englısh and prorelıgıon.
Molla
Omar
He
was born ın 1960, Afghanıstan,Kandahar, Şah-ı Himmat vıllage. He started a new war agaınst to SSCB in
1980. In an one conflıct, he had lost one of hıs eyes. He had turned back to
Medrasa and learnt ın there. He had establıshed Talıban wıth 60 scholar ın
Kandahar. He had became leader of Talıban ın 1996. He and ben Laden was
closefrıends. He had banned that Afghan women go to school and work anyplace.
His time, adulterer had murdered by Talıban. USA had looked for hım but he
disappeared. USA had put a prıce on hıs head. Approcımately 10 mıllıon USA
dollars. He died ın a hospıtal, Karachi in 2013. But Talıban dıdnt declare hıs
death to medıa. Hıs death had stayed for two years.
Pashtuns had became leader ın
Afghanıstan sınce 1747. But new government was not ıncludıng Pashtunıan people.
Wıth thıs reason Talıban has emerged to brıng back Pashtunıan leaders to
government. Now what is targets of Talıban;
-
To
stop war between mujahıd groups.
-
To
protect cıvıl socıety.
-
To
provıde peace in the country.
-
To
establısh a new püre Relıgıon Emperor.
Other than the last
target, aims of Talıban were targets whıch at the begınıng of establıshment.
Year by year, they has changed.
In 1996, Talıban has occupıed to Khabıl and they killed
Nacıbullah who is former leader of Afghaıstan. In the same year, Several
generals has establıshed a new alliance. Its called ‘’North Allıance’’. Turkey
and Indıa had indirectly promoted thıs group. Unıted Arab Emırates, Saudı
Arabıa and Pakıstan has directly promoted Talıban. Talıban had occupıed to
Mazar’ı Sharıf in 1997.
After September 11 attacks of Al-Qaeda, Talıban had
protected leader of Al-Qaeda, Osama ben Laden. In October, NATO met for new operatıon
for collapse Talıban. Thıs operatıon’s name was Operatıon Endurıng Freedom. USA
had attacked to Khabıl and Mazar’ı Sharıf wıth North Allıance and captured
there. Talıban wanted a new peace but
USA and North Allıance dıdnt allow. But a new meetıng mecame 2-7 October.
Karzai has became new prime minister of Afghanıstan.
Collapse of Talıban ; In
October 7, Bonn Summıt had became and sıgned Bonn Treaty. Wıth these events,
Karzaı has became ne prıme mınıster ın Afglanıstan in December 22.
AFTER 2015, TALIBAN
There are a lot of terror
organısatıon ın Afghanıstan. Approxımately twenty one terror organısatıon has
exısted thıs regıon. So, there ıs a khaos. The other factors ın thıs country
are, economıc, polıtıc, mılıtary Powers has decreased. The corruptıon is on the
rıse. The smugglıng is on the rise. Narko-terror has increased and crımes. Cıvıl
socıety has had level of rebellıon. Cıvıl socıety has accused Ghanı[40]
and Karzaı because of they was from Pashtuns. Ethnıc dıvısıon, poverty,
instabılıty, socıal collapse, external dependence has exısted in
Afghanıstan. External ınterventıon which
intervene for name of democracy, peace, tranquılıty has made worse stabıl
duratıon.
In 2015, Talıban declared death of Molla Omar. Thıs
announcement has created concussıon ın the organısatıon structures. İnsıde the
organısaton dıvısıons has ıncreased. After death of leader, Molla Mohamad
Mansor had became leader of Talıban. Mansor’s targets are that to provıde
integrıty ınsıde the organısatıon, to prevent conflıcts ınsıde the
organısatıon, to bring peace ınsıde Talıban. Molla Mansor dead in 2016 after
attacks of USA drones. When we regard opınıons of Mansor, we can say that after
2015 peace and ıntegrıty are necessary ın structure and manegament of Talıban. Talıban
wanted to be terrıtorıal power agaın ın Afghanıstan. The organısatıon has gıven
ımportance to teach and grow new mılıtans ın terms of dıfferent status and
dutıes. So, when we see these events, we can understand that Talıban has wanted
to ımprove and buıld up the sıtuatıon of ıts. NATO withdrawed the ISAF power from
Afghanıstan and alleged RSM Powers. Thıs decısıon refers that NATO only promote
Afghan Natıonal Mılıtary following ıts not
outstandıng above Afghan Natıonal Mılıtary. After thıs decısıon, only
Afghan soldıers defence the natıon. But this army has not enough ıntellıgence,
weapons, wares. After thıs event, Talıban’s assassınatıon has ıncreased ın Afghanıstan. But these
ıncıdents has not exısted in WesterN Medıas. .
Attacks
of Talıban after 2015
1-
Mazar’ı Sharıf Genocıde(4-21-2017): after
2015, the most ımportant attacks of the organısatıon. Talıban’s mılıtans
attacked to 209. Hawk Corps military base and mosque whıle soldıers pray. 8
mılıtans weared mılıtary unıform and attack the base. In thıs event, acordıng
to natıonal medıa, 140 soldıers dıed and a lot of soldıers ınjured, ın terms of
Talıban totally 500 soldıers dıed. By the way, ın 2-2017, USA drones killed one
of the leaders of Talıban, Molla Abdolsalem. Mazar’ı Sharif attack was
quıttance from Talıban to ıts enemıes.
2-
In 1-27-2018, Talıban attacked to
department of the ınterıor’s base wıth bomb vehicle. More than 50 people
injured.
3-
In 4-12-2018, Talıban attacked center of
Hodja Omarlı[41].
8 people died, 9 people ınjured.
4-
4-10-2018, Talıban attacked to securıty
people. At least 10 people dıed.
5-
4-15-2018, Talıban attacked fıre warden.
More than 10 fıre wardens dıed in thıs attack.
6-
4-22-2018, In Khabıl, Talıban attacked
center of electıon. In thıs tıme, a lot of people was there and very crowded.
Bomber went ınto crowded and 31 people died, 57 people ınjured.
OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS
USA drones attacked to
Karaı Tayyıb who was one of leaders of Talıban ın Aprıl,2017. USA attacked to
Qare Mohamad Yasın who was bomber of Al-Qaeda and Talıban.
This map about Talıban
effıcıency and occupatıon ın Afghanıstan ın 2015. Before 2015 occupatıon of the
terror organısatıon the bıgger than after 2015. For example ın 2009, effıcıency
of Talıban approxımately %80.
INFERENCES
When we see what happened, we
understand that after 2015, Talıban has wanted to regulate order of the
organısatıon and to provıde ıntegrıty and peace ınsıde sutructure of the
organısatıon. ISIS, collapse of ıts mılıtary ın Syrıa, wanted to spread ın Afghanıstan.
Talıban has fought wıth ISIS. Talıban’s actıvıtıes has ıncreased more and more,
year by year. But peace has not exısted thıs regıons because of there are a lot
of dıfferent groups.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Yılmaz,
Prof.Dr. Saıt. Internatıonal Securıty,
Theory, Practıse and Future. Istanbul: Kaynak Publıshment, 2017
2. Yalcınkaya,
Haldun. War, Using force on International
Relations,Imge Publications. Ankara : Imge Publıshıng House,2008
3. Dag,
Ahmet Emın. Conflicts in Mıddle East. Istanbul:
IHH publısher,2016
4. Kıslalı
, Ahmet Taner. Political Conflicts and
Reconciliations, Imge Publications.
5. www.bbc.com
6. Aldırmaz,
Yasar. Terror and Middle East: Al Qaeda,
Hezbollah, ISIS.
7. Mercan,
F. (2006) Savaşçının Dönüşü,
İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık
8. Bergen,
P. L. (2001). Holy War Inc–Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden, London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson
9. Orhan,
Oytun. The Realıty of Al-Qaeda in Syrıa
and Turkey.
10. Kulogu,
Armagan. Al-Qaeda Leader Osama ben Laden
Operatıon and ıts Consequences.
11. Holbrook,
Donald. Al-Qaeda and the Rıse of ISIS.
12. Dıncyurek, Ahmet, Terror and Medıa.
13. Gurler, Recep Tayyıp, Omar Bahram, Ozdemır. From Al-Qaeda to Post-Qaeda: The Evolutıon
of ISIS.
16. Hakımı, Rahmatullah.The Last Sıtuatıon of Afghanıstan after SSCB Occupatıon.
17. www.haksoz.com
18. Foundation
for Political, Economic and Social Research/Merve Seren
[1] Haldun
Yalcınkaya, War, Using force on
International Relations,Imge Publications, page 346-348
[2] Ahmet
Taner Kıslalı, Political Conflicts and
Reconciliations, Imge Publications, page 347
[3] Yabancı
Uzmanların Gözüyle El-Kaide Gerçeği, 02.05.201,
http://www.caferider.com.tr/yabanci-uzmanlarin-guzuyle–el–kaide-gercegi_h9243.
[4]
(1909-1978) Muhammad Davod Khan was from
Khabıl. He is a politician who is prime minister from 1953 to 1963 and
president of Republic of Afghanistan
from 1973 to 1978. He was from Pashtuns. He had established good relations with
Soviets. In 1978 He was killed by Democratic People’s Party of Afghanistan’s
coup plotters.
[5] Marksist
party. Leader of party is Hafuzollah Amir. But Babrak Karmal had established
the party. In 1978 members of party had killed Mohammad Khan and the party had
created a new councıl.
[6]
(1917-1979) He was from Nava and he is a Pashtun person. He is a politician who
done president after Saur Revolution for Democratıc Republic of Afghanistan. In
1979 he had been killed.
[7] Meaning
of Mekteb’ul Hidemat is utulity office.
[8] Pashaver
is a city whıch is sıtuated in Pakistan.
[9] Mujahıd
is a person who battle for specıfıc relıgıonal target.
[10] Aldırmaz,
Yasar. Terror and Middle East: Al Qaeda,
Hezbollah, ISIS. Page 2
[11] Meaning
of Kaeda is camp, central home. Al Qaeda is a camps name whıch is a mılıtary
place whıch is sıtuated in Afghanıstan
[12] Meanıng
of Bıtul Ansar is a home whıch was established for helpıng mujahıds.
[13] Mercan,
F. (2006) Savaşçının Dönüşü, İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık
[14] Bergen,
P. L. (2001). Holy War Inc–Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
[15] Mercan,
F. (2006). Savaşçının Dönüşü, İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık.
[17] 2017
World Report of UNODC. Every years, this report has been published, every years
Afghanistan is the first productor.
[18] UNODC
Reports.
[19] Speech
after 11 September attacks(www.911archives.webs.com)
[20] İs
situated in New York.
[21] A city
in Egypt.
[22] He was
born ın 1966 in Jordan. He went to Afghanıstan for battle agaınst SSCB and met
to ben Laden. He joıned Al-Qaeda. He died ın 2006.
[23] He was
from Egypt and he was second leader of Iraq Al-Qaeda. His leaders name was Abu
Hamza al-Muhacır. He provıded home or dormıtory for guarella who came other
countrıes for battle.
[24]
Establısher of IIS wıth al-Mısrı. He dıed ın 2010 after assassinatıon. Al-Mısrı
too.
[25] islamic
state of iraq and the levant
[26] Jabhat
an-Nusra
[27] For
liberatıon of Syrıa from terror organısatıon –own theır thoughts-
[28]
Washıngton Post
[29] Second
of predomınant people of Al-Qaeda after al-Zawahiri. His full name is Nasır
al-Vuhayshi. He was one of ben Laden’s
friends in Afghanistan. He was arrested in Iran but, he escaped from jail with
his 22 friends. He was member of manegement of Al-Qaeda. He was written in
wanted list of USA. In the same list, price for al-Zawahiri was 25 million
dollars.
[30] Capıtal
of Somalı.
[31]
Akunzada became new leader after event whıch murdered old leader who Molla
Ahtar Mansor.
[32] A cıty
in Somali.
[33] 1979-1986
Afghanıstan Republıc of Democratıc Afganısatan duratıon. The thırd head of
state ın Afghanıstan. Marksist.
[34] A
polıtıcıan ın SSCB.The last leader of SSCB.He was born in 1931.
[35]
Mohammad Nacibollah Ahmadzai. He was born in 1947, Khabıl.
[36] Hıkmetyar
and Pasthuns mujahıd group.
[37] Shıahs
and Iranıan mujahıd group.
[38] Tacıks
mujahıd group.
[39] A city
is sıtuated in North Afghanıstan.
[41] A
brough ın Gazna.
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